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Deviance: the Institutional Environment , in D. Garland and R. Sparks
(eds) Criminology and Social Theory, Oxford: Oxford University
Press (2000).
27 Intimations of Postmodernity, p. xvi.
28 Ibid., pp. xvi xvii.
29 Identity, p. 52.
30 Zygmunt Bauman, Desert Spectacular , in K. Tester (ed.) The
Flâneur, London: Routledge (1994).
31 Intimations of Postmodernity, p. 225.
32 Zygmunt Bauman, Work, Consumerism and the New Poor,
Buckingham: Open University Press (1998), p. 58.
33 Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer Culture Industry: the
Enlightenment of Mass Deception , in T. Adorno and M. Horkheimer
(eds) Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso (1979).
34 Emma Soames, Why 60 is the new middle age & and 50 is positively
youthful , in Observer (2004), 1 August.
35 See especially Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics, Cambridge:
Polity Press (1999).
36 Work, Consumerism and the New Poor, p. 31.
37 Jean Baudrillard, America. London: Verso (1989), p. 35.
38 Pyotr Chaadaev quoted after Pankaj Mishra Introduction , in V.S.
Naipaul (ed.) Literary Occasions: Essays. Basingstoke: Pan
Macmillan (2003), pp. vii viii.
39 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry was a writer and a French pioneer aviator,
who disappeared on a wartime mission over occupied France.
40 Quoted after James Fenton, Something of the Night & , Dispatches ,
in Guardian Review (2004), p. 28.
41 Zygmunt Bauman, in Daniel Leighton, Searching for Politics in an
Uncertain World: Interview with Zygmunt Bauman , in Renewal: A
Journal of Labour Politics (2002), 10(1), Winter.
42 Identity, p. 74.
43 Theodor W. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass
Culture (edited), London: Routledge (1991).
44 Jürgen Habermas, Legitimation Crisis, London: Heinemann
Educational Books (1976).
162 Notes
45 Intimations of Postmodernity, pp. 97 8.
46 Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in
the Late Modern Age.
47 Intimations of Postmodernity, p. 98.
48 Ibid., p. 98.
49 M. Feeley and J. Simon, The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging
Strategy of Corrections and its Implications , Criminology (1992),
30(4), p. 452.
50 Zygmunt Bauman, in Daniel Leighton, Searching for Politics in an
Uncertain World: Interview with Zygmunt Bauman .
51 Life in Fragments, p. 100.
52 Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman, p. 127.
53 Ibid., p. 98.
54 Thomas Mathiesen, The Viewer Society: Michel Foucault s
Panopticon Revisited , in Theoretical Criminology (1997), pp.
215 34.
55 Work, Consumerism and the New Poor, p. 53.
56 Debord suggested that the spectacle is all there is even if most
spectacles are nothing more than tacky commercial stunts,
shadowlike non-events, dressed up like the real thing, but merely
manufactured with profit in mind.
57 Nicholas Bouuriaud, quoted in Hal Foster, Arty Party , in London
Review of Books (2003), 25(23).
58 Anushka Asthana, I Want to Be Beyoncé (or Thierry Henry) , in
Observer (2004), 19 December.
59 See Richard Schickel, Common Fame: the Culture of Celebrity,
London: Pavilion Books (1985). This myth of celebrities hanging
around together is very well depicted in one of 2DTV s most popular
comedy sketches which has as its focus the shared world of Elton
John, George Michael and Geri Halliwell.
60 Channel 4 s Big Brother is a reality game television programme
which is based on the Darwinian idea of the survival of the fittest. It
is a game in which the contestants are one by one eliminated from
the Big Brother house by a voting audience. As a result the
contestants are first and foremost competitors who on the one hand
scheme against each other in order to avoid elimination but on the
other try to convince the audience why they should not be voted off
the show by revealing their authentic selves (sic) through a kind of
public confessional.
61 Zygmunt Bauman, Society Under Siege, Cambridge: Polity Press
(2002).
Notes 163
62 Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, London: Hogarth
Press (1920).
63 Chris Rojek, Decentring Leisure, p. 88.
64 Adam Phillips, Bored with Sex , in London Review of Books (2003),
25(5), 6 March, p. 9.
65 Liquid Modernity, p. 159.
66 Community, pp. 67 68.
67 Liquid Modernity, p. 160.
68 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction,
Harmondsworth: Penguin (1978).
69 Thomas Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation,
New York: Zone Books (2003).
70 Hermeneutics and Modern Social Theory , pp. 54 5.
71 Keith Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman, p. 180.
72 Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics, Cambridge: Polity Press
(1999).
73 In making these arguments, Bauman draws on the work of Umberto
Eco in Apocalyptic and Integrated Intellectuals , in R. Lumley (ed.)
Apocalypse Postponed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1994).
74 Peter Beilharz, Zygmunt Bauman: Dialectic of Modernity, p. 166.
75 In Search of Politics, p. 101.
76 Michel Foucault, Truth and Power , in C. Gordon (ed.) Michel
Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester (1980).
77 Figurationalism or Eliasian sociology, as it is also known, has its
origins in the work of Norbert Elias. For a full discussion see Robert
Van Krieken, Norbert Elias (1998) in this series.
78 Tony Blackshaw, The Sociology of Sport Re-assessed in the Light
of the Phenomenon of Zygmunt Bauman , in International Review
for the Sociology of Sport (2002), 37(2), pp. 199 217.
79 See especially Eric Dunning, Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of
Sport, Violence and Civilization, London: Routledge (1999) and
Richard Kilminster, The Sociological Revolution: From the
Enlightenment to the Global Age, London: Routledge (1998).
80 Thomas Scheff, Unpacking the Civilizing Process: Shame and
Integration in Elias s Work (1997), at http://shop.usyd.ed.au/su/
social/elias/confpap/scheff2.htm (17 February 2000).
81 See especially Derek Layder, Social Reality as Figuration: a Critique
of Elias s Conception of Sociological Analysis , Sociology (1986),
20(3), pp. 367 86; Chris Rojek, Capitalism and Leisure Theory,
London: Tavistock (1985); Chris Rojek, The Problems of Involve-
ment and Detachment in the Writings of Norbert Elias , British
Journal of Sociology (1986), 37(4), pp. 584 96; and Chris Rojek,
164 Notes
The Field of Play in Sport and Leisure Studies , in E. Dunning and
C. Rojek (eds) Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process: Critique
and Counter-Critique, London: Macmillan (1992).
82 Eric Dunning Figurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport ,
in E. Dunning and C. Rojek (eds) Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing
Process: Critique and Counter-Critique, London: Macmillan (1992),
p. 254.
83 Ibid., pp. 243 6.
84 Ibid., pp. 221 9.
85 Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John Williams, The Roots of
Football Hooliganism, London: Routledge (1988).
86 See, for example, Gary Armstrong, Football Hooligans: Knowing
the Score, Oxford: Berg (1998) and Gary Robson, No One Likes
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