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1987 13.0 23.6 7.4 15.2 13.5
1988 12.2 24.8 7.5 14.5 12.3
1989 12.0 24.7 7.0 13.6 11.4
1990 11.7 22.7 5.8 10.2 10.4
1991 11.2 21.1 4.5 8.6 9.5
1992 12.3 25.3 4.3 9.4 7.5
1993 13.0 23.5 5.4 13.1 7.4
1994 13.7 28.3
Source: EUROSTAT: Community labour force survey (for F, D, NL) SCB (Central Statistical Office): Labour force sample survey, annual averag
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Table 4: Female activity rates of nationals and foreigners by age groups1993, 1991 (1983)
France
age group nationals foreigners
total EC-nationals
1993 1991 1983 1993 1991 1983 1993 1991
15 24 37 35 46 31 29 34 41 39
25 49 79 77 70 56 51 46 67 69
50 - 64 39 39 39 37 32 33 42 39
Germany (West)
age group nationals foreigners
total EC-nationals
1993 1991 1983 1993 1991 1983 1993 1991
15 24 56 54 48 42 37 37 48 43
25 49 75 69 58 59 55 57 64 63
50 - 64 42 39 33 50 44 50 49 47
Netherlands
age group nationals foreigners
Total EC-nationals
1993 1991 1983 1993 1991 1983 1993 1991
15 - 24 61 58 45 38 37 30 50 57
25 - 49 67 63 46 43 41 39 56 63
50 - 64 27 25 18 17
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Sweden
age group nationals foreigners
Total EC-nationals
1993 1991 1983 1993 1991 1983 1993 1991
16 - 24 53 65 64 36 56 52
25 - 49 89 92 89 65 73 77
50 - 64 64 68 63 36 46 45
1993 refers to total Germany
Source: Eurostat (Community Labour Force Survey) and SCB (Central Statistical Office): Labour Force Survey, annual averages (Sweden) and
Heinz Werner
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Experience in measuring refugees' integration in finland
Elina Ekholm
Background
The population of Finland is ethnically more homogenous than the population of
most European countries. The largest minority group are the Swedish speaking
Finns, differentiated from the majority population on linguistic rather than ethnic
grounds. The "old" ethnic minorities in Finland are Sámi and Romany populations,
and the smaller Jewish and Tatar groups.
The number of migrants in the total population is 1.2 per cent, which is the lowest in
Western Europe. However, Finland has rapidly changed from a country of emigration
into a country of immigration as a result of the inflow of refugees, an increase in
mixed marriages and, most important of all, the immigration of ethnic Finns from the
former Soviet Union.
A marked increase in the number of immigrants and refugees at the beginning of the
1990s coincided with the worst economic recession in Finland since World War II. In
1995, the unemployment rate for Finns is 19 per cent and for the migrant population
over 50 per cent. Occupational downgrading is noticeable among those migrants
who have managed to get jobs. Due to the economic crisis and mass unemployment,
the political parties and leading politicians have been reluctant to consider
immigration and refugee issues. However, as part of its Programme the Government
of Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen will develop an aliens and refugees policy.
Finland had considerable experience of organizing the reception of refugees in the
1920s and 1930s. During the three decades after World War II, Finland received
very few refugees. The regular reception of refugees only started in the 1980s. The
annual refugee quota is nowadays 500. The Advisory Board on Migrant and Refugee
Matters (a cross-administrative body dealing with migration matters) has proposed
raising Finland´s quota gradually to one thousand. Finland has received within the
framework of the quota Chileans, Vietnamese, Iranians, Iraqis, Kurds, refugees from
the former Yugoslavia and other groups. Over 120 municipalities out of 455 have
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received refugees. The reception of refugees has become a permanent part of the
functions of the State and the municipalities.
The annual number of asylum seekers increased notably at the beginning of the
1990s. This increase brought about a completely new situation in the reception of
refugees. New reception units were established at a rapid pace. In the first phase it
was most important to provide the asylum seekers with accommodation, basic
income security and health care. Later on the reception policy has also been outlined
and the labour division between the State, the Finnish Red Cross, municipalities and
federations of municipalities has been agreed upon.
As the reception of refugees and asylum seekers has increased rapidly, less
attention has been paid to evaluation. In the middle of the 1980s the Research
Department of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health initiated a study about the
position of Vietnamese and Kampuchean refugees in Finland. The idea was to
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