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no direct passive form.
How to use direct passive forms
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Wain ga (Amanda ni) nomare-mashita.
(E): A movie was drunk (by Amanda).
Case 2a
(K):
(J): Jesika ga (Amanda ni) tiketto 'o kaware-mashita.
(E): Jessica was bought a ticket (by Amanda).
Case 2b
(K):
(J): Tiketto ga (Amanda ni) kaware-mashita.
(E): A ticket was bought (by Amanda).
The Potential
The potential has two types of voices. One is the direct potential voice. The relation of particles for cases do not change their position. The other is the indirect
potential voice. In this voice, the direct object change its case into the subject.
The Indirect Potential [Kana Table]
verb voice subject indirect object direct object predicate meaning
active Amanda ga ki-mashita. Amanda came.
intransitive
potential Amanda ga ko(ra)re-mashita. Amanda was able to come.
active Amanda ga wain 'o nomi-mashita. Amanda drink wine.
transitive
potential Amanda ga wain 'o nome-mashita. Amanda was able to drink wine.
active Amanda ga Jesika ni tiketto 'o kai-mashita. Amanda bought Jessica a ticket.
transitive
potential Amanda ga Jesika ni tiketto 'o kae-mashita. Amanda was able to buy Jessica a ticket.
How to use indirect potential forms
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Amanda ga ko(ra)re-mashita.
(E): Amanda was able to come.
Case 2a
(K):
(J): Amanda ga wain 'o nome-mashita.
(E): Amanda was able to drink wine.
Case 3a
(K):
(J): Amanda ga Jesika ni tiketto 'o kae-mashita.
(E): Amanda was able to buy Jessica a ticket.
The Direct Potential [Kana Table]
verb voice subject indirect object direct object predicate meaning
active Amanda ga wain 'o nomi-mashita. Amanda drink wine.
transitive
potential Wain ga Amanda ni nome-mashita. Wine was capable of drinking for Amanda.
active Amanda ga Jesika ni tiketto 'o kai-mashita. Amanda bought Jessica a ticket.
transitive
potential Tiketto ga Amanda ni kae-mashita. A ticket was capable of buying for Amanda.
How to use direct potential forms
Case 1a
(K):
(J): (Amanda ni) wain ga nome-mashita.
(E): Wine was capable of drinking (for Amanda).
Case 2a
(K):
(J): (Amanda ni) tiketto ga kae-mashita.
(E): A ticket was capable of buying (for Amanda).
Verbs, Adjectival Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs
Japanese has several auxiliary verbs to append special meanings to ordinary verbs. They have only dependent usage and always follow independent words or
independent phrases.
I list up the aulixiary verbs as the following table
the list of the auxiliary verbs
auxiliary verb conjugation type English comment
-masu the polite verb to do It appends polite nuances to verbs.
-tagaru strong verbs to want to It expresses desire to do something for the third person.
-ta-i adjectival verbs to want to It expresses desire to do something.
-sou adjectival nouns to look to It expresses that something appears to do.
da the copula to be a copula.
desu the polite copula to be a copula that expresses polite nuanses
rashi-i adjectival verbs to seem to It expresses that something seems to do.
you adjectival nouns to appear to It expresses that something looks to do.
sou adjectival nouns It is said that It expresses that it is said something.
Conjunctions of the Auxiliary Verbs [Kana Table]
A Dictionary
verbs (ex. "suru") adjectival verb (ex. "ao-i") adjectival nouns
auxiliary verb Japanese Kana English
(ex. "suki")
present participle stem
áò-i blue
-masu shi-masu
shírò-i white
-tagaru shi-tagaru
súkì favorite
-ta-i shi-ta-i
ài love
-sou shi-sou ao-sou suki-sou
Conjunctions of the Auxiliary Verbs [Kana Table]
verbs (ex. "suru") adjectival verb (ex. "ao-i") the copula
adjectival nouns nouns
auxiliary verb
(ex. "suki") (ex. "ai")
present past present past past
da suki da ai da
desu ao-i desu ao-katta desu suki desu ai desu
darou(*1) suru darou shita darou ao-i darou ao-katta darou suki darou ai darou datta darou
deshou(*2) suru deshou shita deshou ao-i deshou ao-katta deshou suki deshou ai deshou datta deshou
rashi-i suru rashi-i shita rashi-i ao-i rashi-i ao-katta rashi-i suki rashi-i ai rashi-i datta rashi-i
you suru you shita you ao-i you ao-katta you suki na you(*3) ai no you(*4) datta you
sou suru sou shita sou ao-i sou ao-katta sou suki da sou(*5) ai da sou(*5) datta sou
(*1) the subjunctive form of the copula "da"
(*2) the subjunctive form of the polite copula "desu"
(*3) The particle " na" is necessary to connect the preceding word.
(*4) The particle " no" is necessary to connect the preceding word.
(*5) The present form of copula " da" is necessary to connect the preceding word.
The auxiliaries "-masu", " da", "desu", "darou" and "deshou" have been already mentioned in the previous chapters frequently. So I explain the other auxiliary verbs.
The Desiderative
These auxiliary verbs append the meaning "to want" to main verbs. The ending forms of the auxiliary "-ta-i" are used for the first person. When you use "-ta-i" in
sentences whose subject is the second or the third person, you should use it with probable forms or the presumptive verbs or interrogative, since you can not decide
other people's feeling or thought. You can only guess them. On the other hand, the auxiliary "-tagaru" is used for the third person. However, you use this word to
inferior people or animals mainly. So you should avoid using "-tagaru". Instead, you should use "-ta-i" with probable forms or presumptive verbs, as in "-ta-i deshou".
how to use "-ta-i"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Watashi ga wain 'o nomi-ta-i desu.
(E): I want to drink wine.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Watashi ga wain 'o nomi-ta-katta desu.
(E): I wanted to drink wine.
Case 2a
(K):
(J): Amanda ga wain 'o nomi-ta-i deshou.
(E): Amanda probably wants to drink wine.
Case 2b
(K):
(J): Amanda ga wain 'o nomi-ta-katta deshou.
(E): Amanda probably wanted to drink wine.
Case 2c
(K):
(J): Amanda ga wain 'o nomi-ta-i deshou ka? Hai, sou deshou. Iie, sou de nai deshou.
(E): Does Amanda probably want to drink wine? Yes, she does probably. No. she does not probably.
The Presumptive Verbs
Japanese has four auxiliary verbs to express presumptive sentences. In order to make translation easy. I apply meanings to the each auxiliaries as follows for your
convenience, although the real nuances of these auxiliaris are not same as English verbs.
-sou: to appear to, it appears that, it appears as if
you: to look to, it looks as if
rashi-i: to seem to, it seems that, it seems as if
sou: they say that, it is said that
The following table shows you the relation between these auxiliaries.
The Relation between Presumptive Auxiliaries [Kana Table]
no guarantee guarantee
my opinion shi-sou shi-sou shi-sou suru you
shi-sou suru you suru you suru you
suru sou suru rashi-i suru rashi-i suru rashi-i
their opinion suru sou suru sou suru sou suru rashi-i
how to use "-sou"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Raion ga janpu shi-sou desu.
(E): It appears that a lion jumps.
Case 1b
(K):
(J): Raion ga janpu shi-sou deshita.
(E): It appeared that a lion jumps.
Case 2a
(K):
(J): Sono raion 'wa shiro-sou desu.
(E): It appears that the lion looks is white.
Case 2b
(K):
(J): Sono raion 'wa shiro-sou desita.
(E): It appeared that the lion was white.
Case 3a
(K):
(J): Sono raion 'wa sumah'to-sou desu.
(E): It appears that the lion is smart.
Case 3b
(K):
(J): Sono raion 'wa sumah'to-sou deshita.
(E): It appeared that the lion was smart.
how to use "you"
Case 1a
(K):
(J): Raion ga janpu suru you desu.
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